ELECTRIC CARS
ELECTRIC CARS
This article is about battery-electric cars. For the more general category of electric drive for all types of vehicles, see electric vehicles. For the more general category of vehicles with plug-in rechargeable capabilities, see plug-in. For vehicles with electric motors and internal combustion engines, see a hybrid electric vehicle. For fuel cell cars, see fuel cell vehicles.
An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy stored in rechargeable batteries. The first practical electric cars were produced in the 1880s. Compared with internal combustion engine cars, electric cars are quieter, have no tailpipe emissions, and lower emissions in general. Charging an electric car can be done at a variety of charging stations, these charging stations can be installed in both houses and public areas. Several countries have established government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles, tax credits, subsidies, and other non-monetary incentives. Several countries have established a phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles, and California which is one of the largest vehicle markets has an executive order to ban sales of new gasoline-powered vehicles by 2035. Tesla Model 3 was the world's best-selling EV from 2018 to 2019 and had a maximum electric range of 500 km (310 miles) according to the EPA. Model 3 became the world's all-time best selling electric car by early 2020. As of December 2019, the global stock of pure electric passenger cars totaled 4.8 million units, representing two-thirds of all plug-in passenger cars in use. Over half (54%) of the world’s all-electric car fleet was in China in 2019. Despite the rapid growth experienced, the global stock of plug-in pure electric and PHEV cars represented just about 1 out of every 200 vehicles (0.48%) on the world's roads by the end of 2019, of which pure electrics comprised 0.32%.
Electric cars are a variety of electric vehicle (EV). The term "electric vehicle" refers to any vehicle that uses electric motors for propulsion, while "electric car" generally refers to highway-capable automobiles powered by electricity. Low-speed electric vehicles, classified as NEVs in the United States, and as electric motorized quadricycles in Europe, are plug-in electric-powered microcars or city cars with limitations in terms of weight, power, and the maximum speed that are allowed to travel on public roads and city streets up to a certain posted speed limit, which varies by country. While an electric car's power source is not explicitly an on-board battery, electric cars with motors powered by other energy sources are typically referred to by a different name. An electric car carrying solar panels to power it is a solar car, and an electric car powered by a gasoline generator is a form of a hybrid car. Thus, an electric car that derives its power from an on-board battery pack is a form of battery electric vehicle (BEV). Most often, the term "electric car" is used to refer to battery electric vehicles, but may also refer to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV).
Electric cars have several benefits over conventional internal combustion engine automobiles, including a significant reduction of local air pollution, as they do not directly emit pollutants such as particulates (soot), volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, and various oxides of nitrogen. Depending on the production process and the source of the electricity to charge the vehicle, emissions may be partly shifted from cities to material transportation, production plants, and generation plants. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted depends on the emissions of the electricity source, and the efficiency of the vehicle. For electricity from the grid, the emissions vary significantly depending on your region, the availability of renewable sources, and the efficiency of the fossil fuel-based generation used. he same is true of ICE vehicles. The sourcing of fossil fuels (oil well to tank) causes further damage and use of resources during the extraction and refinement processes, including high amounts of electricity. The cost of installing charging infrastructure has been estimated to be repaid by health cost savings in less than 3 years.
It is estimated that there are sufficient lithium reserves to power 4 billion electric cars. Most electric cars use a lithium-ion battery and an electric motor that uses rare-earth elements. The demand for lithium, heavy metals, and other elements (such as neodymium, boron, and cobalt) required for the batteries and powertrain is expected to grow significantly due to the future sales increase of plug-in electric vehicles in the mid and long term. Some of the largest world reserves of lithium and other rare metals are located in countries with strong resource nationalism, unstable governments, or hostility to various overseas interests, raising concerns about the risk of replacing dependence on foreign oil with a new dependence on hostile countries to supply strategic materials
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